Skip to main content

Lactococcus lactis

 

Lactococcus lactis is a Gram-positive bacterium used extensively in the production of buttermilk and cheese, but has also become famous as the first genetically modified organism to be used alive for the treatment of human disease. L. lactis cells are cocci that group in pairs and short chains, and, depending on growth conditions, appear ovoid with a typical length of 0.5 - 1.5 µm. L. lactis does not produce spores (nonsporulating) and are not motile (nonmotile). They have a homofermentative metabolism, meaning they produce lactic acid from sugars. They've also been reported to produce exclusive L-(+)-lactic acid. However, reported D-(−)-lactic acid can be produced when cultured at low pH. The capability to produce lactic acid is one of the reasons why L. lactis is one of the most important microorganisms in the dairy industry. Based on its history in food fermentation, L. lactis has generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status, with few case reports of it being an opportunistic pathogen.

Lactococcus lactis is of crucial importance for manufacturing dairy products, such as buttermilk and cheeses. When L. lactis ssp. lactis is added to milk, the bacterium uses enzymes to produce energy molecules (ATP), from lactose. The byproduct of ATP energy production is lactic acid. The lactic acid produced by the bacterium curdles the milk, which then separates to form curds that are used to produce cheese. Other uses that have been reported for this bacterium include the production of pickled vegetables, beer or wine, some breads, and other fermented foodstuffs like soymilk kefir, buttermilk, and others. L. lactis is one of the best characterized low GC Gram positive bacteria with detailed knowledge on genetics, metabolism and biodiversity.

L. lactis is mainly isolated from either the dairy environment, or plant material. Dairy isolates are suggested to have evolved from plant isolates through a process in which genes without benefit in the rich milk were lost, or down-regulated. This process, also called genome erosion or reductive evolution is also described in several other lactic acid bacteria. The proposed transition from the plant to the dairy environment was reproduced in the laboratory through experimental evolution of a plant isolate that was cultivated in milk for a prolonged period. Consistent with the results from comparative genomics (see references above) this resulted in L. lactis losing or down-regulating genes which are dispensable in milk and the up-regulation of peptide transport.

Hundreds of novel small RNAs were identified by Meulen et al. in the genome of L. lactis MG1363. One of them: LLnc147, was shown to be involved in carbon uptake and metabolism.


Effects of Heat-Killed Lactococcus lactis Strain Plasma on Skin Homeostasis-Related Genes and the Skin Microbiome among Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Double-Blind Study Toshio Fujii, Takashi Fujitomo, Ryohei Tsuji, Ryuichi Kubo, Yukiko Kato, Osamu Kanauchi Microorganisms. 2021 Oct; 9(10): 2029. Published online 2021 Sep 25. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9102029 PMCID: PMC8539941
The Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Lactococcus lactis Strain Plasma on Skin Microbiome and Skin Conditions in Healthy Subjects—A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial Ryohei Tsuji, Kamiyu Yazawa, Takeshi Kokubo, Yuumi Nakamura, Osamu Kanauchi Microorganisms. 2021 Mar; 9(3): 563. Published online 2021 Mar 9. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9030563 PMCID: PMC8000884
Oral intake of heat-killed cells of Lactococcus lactis strain H61 promotes skin health in women Hiromi Kimoto-Nira, Reiji Aoki, Keisuke Sasaki, Chise Suzuki, Koko Mizumachi J Nutr Sci. 2012; 1: e18. Published online 2012 Dec 6. doi: 10.1017/jns.2012.22 PMCID: PMC4153081
PROBIOTICS - TYPES AND EFFECTS OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA - AZ Sportivo Performance & AZSP Healing


Popular posts from this blog

Insulin-like growth factor 1

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) , also called somatomedin C, is a hormone similar in molecular structure to insulin which plays an important role in childhood growth, and has anabolic effects in adults. IGF-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGF1 gene. IGF-1 consists of 70 amino acids in a single chain with three intramolecular disulfide bridges. IGF-1 has a molecular weight of 7,649 Daltons. In dogs, an ancient mutation in IGF1 is the primary cause of the toy phenotype. IGF-1 is produced primarily by the liver. Production is stimulated by growth hormone (GH). Most of IGF-1 is bound to one of 6 binding proteins (IGF-BP). IGFBP-1 is regulated by insulin. IGF-1 is produced throughout life; the highest rates of IGF-1 production occur during the pubertal growth spurt. The lowest levels occur in infancy and old age. A synthetic analog of IGF-1, mecasermin, is used in children for the treatment of growth failure.

Sulforaphane

Related Articles Houghton C. A. (2019). Sulforaphane: Its "Coming of Age" as a Clinically Relevant Nutraceutical in the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Disease. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2019, 2716870. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2716870 Santín-Márquez, R., Alarcón-Aguilar, A., López-Diazguerrero, N. E., Chondrogianni, N., & Königsberg, M. (2019). Sulforaphane - role in aging and neurodegeneration. GeroScience, 41(5), 655–670. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-019-00061-7 Mahn, A.; Castillo, A. Potential of Sulforaphane as a Natural Immune System Enhancer: A Review. Molecules 2021, 26, 752. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26030752 Liang J, Jahraus B, Balta E, Ziegler JD, Hübner K, Blank N, Niesler B, Wabnitz GH and Samstag Y (2018) Sulforaphane Inhibits Inflammatory Responses of Primary Human T-Cells by Increasing ROS and Depleting Glutathione. Front. Immunol. 9:2584. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02584 Zimme...

Gluten-free diet

  Since gluten and starch from wheat flour would become sticky with certain amount of water, it is as same as kneading flour for making bread, its viscous of ingested foods is very depending on amount of fluid. 90% of fluid would be absorbed during digestion, it makes stool harden as well. And during digenstion process, amount of fluid is vary because of secretion of digestive juices and absorption/reabsorption of fluid. Since, the viscous of ingested gluten containing foods are very sensitive with amount of fluid, after absorption/reabsorption in small intestine, and because of the viscous of digesting foods containing gluten become higher. The higher viscous digesting foods and gluten sensitivity could make damages to intestine. Those repeated damages, inflamation and also body reaction because of the damages could cause the coeliac disease. The intestine environment of people who keep ingesting gluten, would be worse. Because of gluten itself is fine-particle and th...

Qigong

Related Articles A comprehensive review of health benefits of qigong and tai chi. Jahnke R, Larkey L, Rogers C, Etnier J, Lin F. Am J Health Promot. 2010;24(6):e1-e25. doi:10.4278/ajhp.081013-LIT-248 PMCID: PMC3085832 Qigong in Cancer Care: Theory, Evidence-Base, and Practice . Klein P. Medicines (Basel). 2017 Jan 12;4(1):2. doi: 10.3390/medicines4010002. PMID: 28930219; PMCID: PMC5597070. Qigong for cancer treatment: a systematic review of controlled clinical trials Lee MS, Chen KW, Sancier KM, Ernst E. Acta Oncol. 2007;46(6):717-22. doi: 10.1080/02841860701261584. PMID: 17653892 The Effectiveness of Traditional Chinese Yijinjing Qigong Exercise for the Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis on the Pain, Dysfunction, and Mood Disorder: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial Shuaipan Zhang, Guangxin Guo, Xing Li, Fei Yao, Zhiwei Wu, Qingguang Zhu, Min Fang Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8: 792436. Published online 2022 Jan 11. doi: ...

ornithine

Related Articles Oxidative ornithine metabolism supports non-inflammatory C. difficile colonization Kali M. Pruss, Fatima Enam, Eric Battaglioli, Mary DeFeo, Oscar R. Diaz, Steven K. Higginbottom, Curt R. Fischer, Andrew J. Hryckowian, William Van Treuren, Dylan Dodd, Purna Kashyap, Justin L. Sonnenburg Nat Metab. 2022; 4(1): 19–28. Published online 2022 Jan 6. doi: 10.1038/s42255-021-00506-4 PMCID: PMC8803604 Longitudinal Metabolomics Reveals Ornithine Cycle Dysregulation Correlates With Inflammation and Coagulation in COVID-19 Severe Patients Tao Li, Nianzhi Ning, Bo Li, Deyan Luo, Enqiang Qin, Wenjing Yu, Jianxin Wang, Guang Yang, Nan Nan, Zhili He, Ning Yang, Saisai Gong, Jiajia Li, Aixia Liu, Yakun Sun, Zhan Li, Tianye Jia, Jie Gao, Wang Zhang, Yanyu Huang, Jun Hou, Ying Xue, Deyu Li, Zhen Wei, Liangyan Zhang, Boan Li, Hui Wang Front Microbiol. 2021; 12: 723818. Published online 2021 Dec 3. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.723818 PMCID: PMC8678452 Dual Inhi...